@Article{LiebmannMare:2001:InVaRa,
               author = "Liebmann, B. and Marengo, Jose Antonio",
          affiliation = "{CPTEC-INPE-Cachoeira Paulista-12630-000-SP-Brasil}",
                title = "Interannual variability of the rainy season and rainfall in the 
                         Brazilian Amazon basin",
              journal = "Journal of Climate",
                 year = "2001",
               volume = "14",
               number = "22",
                pages = "4308--4318",
                month = "nov.",
             keywords = "estudo do tempo e do clima, South American, Brazilian Amazon 
                         basin, sector, surface climate, oscillation, precipitation, 
                         convection.",
             abstract = "The interannual variability of deep convection over the South 
                         American sector and regional hydrometeorological anomalies are 
                         studied using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project 
                         (ISCCP)data for 1984-1988. Satellite-derived convection anomalies 
                         are compared with regional rainfall and river runoff anomalies. At 
                         the height of the austral summer, the deep convective clouds 
                         (DCC)and ISCCP depict the centres of intense convection over 
                         central Amazonia and the mouth of the River Amazon, as well as the 
                         enhanced convection over north-east Brazil, which is related to 
                         the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). 
                         Positive/negative regional hydrometeorological anomalies are 
                         consistent with positive/negative anomalies in the deep convection 
                         over northern Amazonia, the mouth of the River Amazon and north 
                         north-east Brazil, whereas this is not always true over southern 
                         Amazonia and southern Brazil. Over north-east Brazil and the mouth 
                         of the River Amazon, abundant rainfall and large DCC are both in 
                         agreement with variations in the latitudinal position and 
                         intensity of the Atlantic ITCZ, which extends between 4 degrees N 
                         and 5 degrees S along the Atlantic coast, where the precipitation 
                         maximum is found. The related rainfall anomalies over Amazonia and 
                         north-east Brazil during years with anomalously warm or cool 
                         surface waters in the central equatorial Pacific (e.g. the El Nino 
                         event in 1987), are consistent with the convection anomalies as 
                         depicted by the ISCCP deep convective clouds. For the Amazon Basin 
                         and north-east Brazil, DCC based on 2.5 degrees x 2.5 degrees 
                         horizontal resolution explained about 50 per cent of the variance 
                         of rainfall at individual surface stations. A new finding is the 
                         enhanced convective activity located at the east side of the 
                         central Andes and over central Amazonia around 5 degrees S, with a 
                         region of reduced convection in between. These two subcentres are 
                         oriented west-east and are part of the summertime semi-permanent 
                         centre of convection over the Amazon Basin, and have not been 
                         identified previously from the analysis of outgoing longwave 
                         radiation (OLR)or highly reflective clouds. These subcentres of 
                         large DCC exhibit interannual variations in intensity and 
                         location, where the centre located near the east flank of the 
                         Andes shows a wider range of latitudinal variations than that 
                         located over central Amazonia. South of this area convection and 
                         rainfall decreases rapidly.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0894-8755",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Liebmann_Interannual variability.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "02 maio 2024"
}